The United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian state. Of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, only England still has a state faith in the form of the established church. Christianity is the majority religion, and a wide variety of Christian churches, denominations, and sects exists.
The most recent (2007) survey by Tearfund discovered that 53% of the population identified themselves as Christian, compared with almost three-quarters who had in the last census in 2001. Tearfund said nearly three million more people would attend regularly if given the "right invitation". It said churches could do more to offer encouragement to potential worshippers. Tearfund's president, Elaine Storkey, told BBC Radio Five Live that a lot of people would be unsure what to expect if they did visit. "The church for a lot of people is a very strange place these days. They're not familiar with what's going on inside the building, with the form of service, with the way people gather, with what they say, how they pray.
Jews have been established in Great Britain for many centuries. They were expelled for a long period from England, between 1290 and 1656, but there was never a corresponding expulsion from Scotland.
During the 20th century, many other religions have established a presence, mainly through immigration, though also partly through the attraction of converts. Those with the most adherents are various forms of Islam, and Hinduism. Other minority faiths include Buddhism, Sikhism, the Baha'i Faith, and Rastafarianism. There are also small neopagan groups, and various organizations which actively promote rationalism, humanism, and secularisation.
History
Paganism in the British Isles (essentially Celtic polytheism before the conquest by the Romans) was supplemented by the arrival of Roman religion: see, for example, the Temple of Mithras, London. It had multiple deities, that varied in different regions: see, for example, Sulis and Viridios. When the Romans arrived in Celtic Britain, they accommodated their own religion to fit into existing Celtic structures. For example, the healing temple of Sul in Bath became Sulis Minerva (after the Celtic Sulis and the Roman Minerva, both goddesses of health and medicine). Worship of the emperor himself is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica.
The Anglo Saxons (or English) who invaded in 449AD practised Germanic paganism before their conversion, instigated by Roman missionaries in 597AD.
Before Christianity
Christianity
Further information: Early Insular Christianity
Christianity was first introduced through the Romans (English mythology links the introduction of Christianity to Britain to the Glastonbury legend of Joseph of Arimathea; see also the legend of Saint Lucius). Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Romano-British population after the withdrawal of the Roman legions was mostly Christian. The Christian heresy known as Pelagianism (condemned in the 5th century) originated in the isles.
Ireland was converted largely by Romano-British missionaries - notably Saint Patrick - at some time after the withdrawal of the Roman legions from England. Irish Christianity developed in a monastic style. Celtic missionaries from Ireland spread Celtic Christianity, then came to Scotland - notably through Saint Columba and later the Kingdom of Northumbria. Many works of art and faith were inspired, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels.
The Anglo-Saxon invasions largely wiped out Christianity from the areas occupied by the Saxons - although whether this was due to conversion of the native population or ethnic cleansing of the original population is widely disputed. What is not disputed is that Anglo-Saxon England was largely pagan by the 7th century (See Anglo-Saxon polytheism).
Romano-British origins
Further information: Anglo-Saxon Christianity
Augustine of Canterbury was sent by Pope Gregory I in 596 to establish an English church loyal to Rome starting in the Kingdom of Kent - which had strong links to the Franks, including the Kentish King's wife who invited Augustine to England.
Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum describes the history of the English church.
The Synod of Whitby in AD 664 attempted to reconcile differences of religious practice, particularly between the Celtic Church and the Roman Church. The outcome was that Cuthbert, the leader of Celtic Christianity, accepted the Petrine supremacy that Augustine and Rome claimed. During the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon missionaries spread Christianity on the Continent.
Following the Norman conquest of England the Normans built many churches and abbeys showing massive proportions in simple geometries. The cruciform churches often had deep chancels and a square crossing tower which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083. After a fire damaged Canterbury Cathedral in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new Gothic architecture. Around 1191 Wells Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building.
Before the Norman period, Scotland had little diocesan structure, being primarily monastic after the fashion of Ireland. After the Norman Conquest, the Archbishops of both Canterbury and York each claimed superiority over the Scottish church. The church in Scotland attained independent status after the Papal Bull of Celestine III (Cum universi, 1192) by which all Scottish bishoprics except Galloway were formally independent of York and Canterbury. However, unlike Ireland which had been granted four Archbishoprics in the same century, Scotland received no Archbishop and the whole Ecclesia Scoticana, with individual Scottish bishoprics (except Whithorn/Galloway), became the "special daughter of Rome".
Until the Protestant Reformation established different religious practices in different countries of what became the United Kingdom (see Christianity in Medieval Scotland and History of the Church of England), Christianity in the islands generally looked to Rome for spiritual guidance, although figures such as Stephen Langton and John Wyclif and movements such as Lollardy occasionally posed challenges to the dominance of the Roman Catholic hierarchy.
The Bible was eventually translated into vernacular languages in the United Kingdom: see, for example, Wyclif's Bible, William Tyndale, William Morgan and Welsh Bible.
From Anglo-Saxons to the High Middle Ages
Due to his own dynastic difficulties, Henry VIII of England cut ties (1533) with the Papacy. When he was not granted an annulment of his marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry announced himself as the supreme head of the Church of England which caused much disruption throughout England. In Scotland the Protestant Reformation was more of a grass roots movement than an imposition by the Crown. Continuing adherence by a majority of the population to Catholicism in Ireland ensured unstable and violent relations between the nations of the isles. By the late 17th century a Protestant political settlement (see Act of Settlement 1701 and Act of Security) caused widespread insurrections in Scotland and Ireland, but relative calm and stability in England and Wales. For more detail of this period see the following articles:
English Reformation and Scottish Reformation
- Timeline of the Protestant Reformation in England
Act of Supremacy (1534): declared that Henry VIII was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England' and required the nobility to swear an oath recognising Henry's supremacy.
Six Articles (1539): although the organisation of the church in England was reformed, the articles reaffirmed Catholic doctrine.
Book of Common Prayer and Book of Common Order
Prayer Book Rebellion
Marian martyr and Marian exiles: during the re-establishment of Roman Catholicism in England under Mary I, some Protestants were persecuted and some upheld their faith in exile.
Elizabethan Religious Settlement: under Elizabeth I political and religious stability was maintained by means of a compromise in both doctrine and practice between the Anglicanism of Henry VIII and that of Edward VI
- Act of Supremacy 1559: restored religious affairs in England to the state at the death of Edward VI, and imposed the Oath of Supremacy on those holding office.
Thirty-Nine Articles (1563): the defining statements of Anglican doctrine were made a legal requirement in England in 1571 and were imposed by the Test Act of 1673 (until 1824)
Regnans in Excelsis
Priest hole: wealthy Roman Catholics constructed hiding places in their houses for priests.
James I of England and religious issues
- Gunpowder Plot: in 1605 an attempt to assassinate King James VI and I and the Protestant establishment entrenched anti-Catholic sentiment.
Five Articles of Perth: attempted to bring the Church of Scotland in line with the Church of England.
The Vicar of Bray: the changes of political and religious régime required office holders to show flexibility in their declared convictions, as satirised in the popular song The Vicar of Bray.
Covenanter: in Scotland, people bound themselves in a series of bands or covenants to maintain the Protestant Reformation.
Westminster Assembly (1643): appointed by the Long Parliament to restructure the Church of England, drew up the Westminster Confession of Faith which became, and remains, the 'subordinate standard' of doctrine in the Church of Scotland and has been influential within Presbyterian churches worldwide.
1689 Baptist Confession of Faith: written by Calvinistic Baptists in England to give a formal expression of the Reformed and Protestant Christian faith with an obvious Baptist perspective.
Royal Declaration of Indulgence (1672): Charles II attempted to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists in his realms.
Declaration of Indulgence (1687-1688): James II attempted to establish freedom of religion in England.
- Seven Bishops: bishops of the Church of England who petitioned James II against the Declaration of Indulgence were imprisoned.
Popish Plot (1678–1681): a conspiracy to discredit Catholics in England accused Catholics of plotting.
Exclusion Bill: sought to exclude the Charles II's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the throne of England because he was Catholic.
Penal law: a specific series of laws that sought to uphold the establishment of the Church of England against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics, by imposing various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities upon these dissenters.
- Test Act: required a religious test of officials to ensure conformity with the established church.
Act of Uniformity 1662: required the use of all the rites and ceremonies in the Book of Common Prayer in Church of England services, and episcopal ordination for all ministers.
Conventicle Act 1664: forbade religious assemblies of more than five people outside the auspices of the Church of England.
Five Mile Act 1665: forbade clergymen from living within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banned
Nonjuring schism: the Anglican Church split in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, over whether William of Orange could legally be recognized as King of England. From the Reformation to established national churches
The Church of England became the established church in England. It regards itself as in continuity with the pre-Reformation state Catholic church, but has been a distinct Anglican church since the settlement under Elizabeth I (with some disruption during the 17th-century Commonwealth period). The British Monarch is formally Supreme Governor of the Church of England, but its spiritual leader is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is regarded by convention as the head of the worldwide communion of Anglican Churches (see Anglican Communion). In practice the Church of England is governed by the General Synod, under the authority of Parliament.
England
- Test Act: required a religious test of officials to ensure conformity with the established church.
- Seven Bishops: bishops of the Church of England who petitioned James II against the Declaration of Indulgence were imprisoned.
- Gunpowder Plot: in 1605 an attempt to assassinate King James VI and I and the Protestant establishment entrenched anti-Catholic sentiment.
- Act of Supremacy 1559: restored religious affairs in England to the state at the death of Edward VI, and imposed the Oath of Supremacy on those holding office.
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